Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious pregnancy complication characterized by high blood pressure and signs of damage to other systems, most often the liver and kidneys. It typically occurs after 20 weeks of pregnancy in women whose blood pressure had previously been normal. PE can lead to serious, even fatal, complications for both mother and baby if left untreated.
Given the potential severity of PE and the limited treatment options (primarily early delivery), prevention is critical. Recent research has explored the potential of dietary supplements as a non-pharmacological approach to reducing the risk of PE.
A recent comprehensive review, published in Hypertension Research, examined various dietary supplements and their potential roles in preventing PE.
Calcium: A Well-Documented Preventative Measure
Calcium supplementation is one of the most well-researched and effective dietary interventions for preventing PE, especially in populations with low dietary calcium intake. The review highlights that a daily intake of 500 mg of calcium can significantly reduce the risk of developing PE. This finding is particularly relevant in regions like Japan, where dietary calcium consumption is relatively low.
Vitamin D: Promising but Inconclusive
Vitamin D has been considered a potential candidate for PE prevention due to its role in immune function and inflammation regulation. However, current studies focusing on its efficacy remain inconsistent. While some studies suggest a beneficial effect, others do not find a significant association. The review emphasizes the need for large-scale randomized controlled trials about the role of vitamin D in PE prevention.
Other Vitamins and Minerals: Exploring the Possibilities
The review also examines the potential roles of various other vitamins and minerals:
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Vitamins A, B6, C and E: These vitamins have been studied for their antioxidant properties and potential to reduce oxidative stress, a factor implicated in PE development. However, the evidence is not robust enough to recommend their supplementation solely for PE prevention.
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Folic Acid and Multivitamins: Folic acid is essential for foetal development and is commonly recommended during pregnancy. While its role in preventing neural tube defects is well-established, its effectiveness in PE prevention requires further investigation.
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Magnesium, Zinc
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and Iron: These minerals are vital for numerous physiological functions. Some studies suggest that deficiencies may be linked to an increased risk of PE, but more research is needed to confirm these associations and determine appropriate supplementation strategies.
Amino Acids and Antioxidants: Emerging Areas of Interest
The review explores the potential benefits of certain amino acids and antioxidants:
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L-Arginine and L-Carnitine: These amino acids may improve endothelial function and reduce oxidative stress, potentially lowering PE risk. Preliminary studies show promise, but larger trials are necessary.
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Lycopene, Resveratrol, and Astaxanthin: These antioxidants have been studied for their ability to combat oxidative stress. While initial findings are encouraging, more comprehensive research is required to establish their efficacy in PE prevention.
Other Agents: Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Coenzyme Q10, Melatonin, and S-Equol
The review also considers other dietary agents:
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Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Known for their anti-inflammatory properties, omega-3s may help reduce PE risk. Some studies support their use, but consensus is lacking.
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Coenzyme Q10: This antioxidant may improve mitochondrial function and reduce oxidative stress. Early studies suggest potential benefits in PE prevention.
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Melatonin: As a regulator of circadian rhythms and an antioxidant, melatonin's role in PE prevention is under investigation, with some promising results.
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S-Equol: A metabolite of soy isoflavones, S-Equol may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Its potential in PE prevention is a novel area of research.
Conclusion: A Multifaceted Approach to PE Prevention
The prevention of preeclampsia is a complex challenge that likely requires a multifaceted approach. While calcium supplementation has strong evidence supporting its use in populations with low dietary intake, the roles of other vitamins, minerals, amino acids and antioxidants are still being investigated. The review underscores the importance of further research, particularly large-scale randomized controlled trials, to determine the efficacy and safety of these dietary supplements in PE prevention.
Please note that it's essential to approach supplementation with caution and under medical guidance, considering current evidence and individual nutritional needs.
Reference:
Ushida, T., Tano, S., Matsuo, S., Fuma, K., Imai, K., Kajiyama, H., & Kotani, T. (2025). Dietary supplements and prevention of preeclampsia. Hypertension Research, 48, 1444–1457. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41440-025-02144-9
